Top 5 Sustainable Tech Innovations Shaping the Future

The race to decarbonize is no longer a thought experiment—it’s an engineering brief. Across energy, buildings, industry, and consumer products, a new wave of sustainable tech innovations is moving from pilot to standard practice. This guide spotlights five technologies that are already reshaping systems we rely on daily and shows you how to start deploying them—whether you’re a sustainability lead at a growing company, a facilities or operations manager, a founder building climate solutions, or a policy or procurement professional writing the rules of the game.

You’ll learn what each innovation is, where it creates real value, what it costs in effort and hardware, how to implement it step by step, and how to measure success over the next month. Everything here is practical and action-oriented so you can convert momentum into measurable emissions reductions.

Key takeaways

• Electrify heat first. Modern heat pumps can deliver several units of heat for every unit of electricity, cutting operating costs and emissions when paired with a cleaner grid.
• Store and orchestrate energy. Grid batteries and virtual power plants turn distributed assets—EVs, rooftop solar, smart thermostats—into flexible, revenue-earning capacity.
• Reserve molecules for the hard stuff. Green hydrogen is the decarbonization workhorse for high-temperature heat, steel, ammonia, shipping, and aviation—and it’s scaling.
• Decarbonize materials at the spec sheet. Low-carbon cement and concrete cut embodied emissions in new builds without sacrificing performance.
• Design for a second (and third) life. Circular electronics—especially replaceable batteries—extend product lifetimes, reduce waste, and build resilient supply chains.

1) High-Efficiency Heat Pumps: Electrifying Heat at Scale

What it is and why it matters

Heat pumps move heat rather than generating it from combustion. For most building and water-heating use cases, they deliver multiple units of heat for every unit of electricity consumed (their coefficient of performance is often around 3–4 under typical conditions). That physics advantage, combined with a cleaner grid, makes heat pumps a core lever to cut building and process-heat emissions while improving comfort and air quality.

Core benefits

• Large efficiency gains over resistance heat and combustion.
• Immediate indoor air-quality improvements; no onsite combustion.
• Works for space heating, water heating, and, increasingly, industrial low- to medium-temperature processes.
• Eligible for many incentives and rebates; easy to pair with rooftop solar or off-peak tariffs.

Requirements, prerequisites, and low-cost alternatives

You’ll need:

• A professional heat-pump installer (HVAC or mechanical contractor).
• Sufficient electrical capacity (panel and feeder); many residential systems run on 240 V; commercial/industrial vary.
• A building assessment (insulation, air sealing, ductwork condition).
• For cold climates: a cold-climate heat pump spec’d to your design temperature and backed by a defrost strategy.

Budget-friendlier starting points:

• Heat pump water heater (often the fastest payback).
• Ductless mini-split for a single zone or server/office room.
• Hybrid systems using existing ductwork with a heat-pump primary and backup resistance or existing boiler for extremes.

Step-by-step implementation (beginner-friendly)

1. Audit and baseline. Collect 12 months of energy bills; log winter peak loads and comfort complaints.
2. Size and select. Use a proper load calculation (Manual J/S or equivalent) and select a heat pump with appropriate capacity, defrost strategy, and refrigerant.
3. Envelope tune-up. Prioritize air sealing and insulation in parallel; every bit of envelope improvement lowers the required system size.
4. Electrical readiness. Confirm panel capacity; consider a smart panel or load management if service upgrades are expensive.
5. Installation and commissioning. Verify correct refrigerant charge, line-set routing, condensate management, and controls integration.
6. Controls and setpoints. Program efficient heating curves, setbacks, and quiet modes; integrate with a smart thermostat or BMS.
7. Monitoring. Track power draw, delivered heat (if metered), and indoor comfort for a full season; compare to baseline.

Beginner modifications and progressions

• Start small: Replace a failing gas water heater first.
• Scale up: Convert additional air-handling units or zones each budget cycle; add heat-recovery ventilators to maximize comfort and efficiency.
• Industrial progression: Pilot a 90–120°C industrial heat pump for low-temp processes, then expand to 150–200°C units as products mature.

Recommended frequency, duration, and metrics

• Commissioning: Once at install; re-commission annually.
• KPIs: Seasonal COP/SCOP, kWh consumed vs. baseline fuel use, heating degree day (HDD)-normalized energy, comfort tickets, maintenance calls.
• Targets: Aim for a heating COP ≥3 in moderate climates; track year-over-year kWh/HDD reductions.

Safety, caveats, and common mistakes

• Refrigerant handling: Leave to licensed pros; follow leak testing and recovery best practices.
• Sizing mistakes: Oversizing reduces run time and dehumidification; undersizing harms comfort—do a proper load calculation.
• Controls conflicts: Don’t let backup heat or legacy boilers override the heat pump too early; adjust lockout temperatures carefully.

Mini-plan (example)

1. Replace existing electric water heater with a heat pump water heater this quarter.
2. Add a 2-zone ductless mini-split to the most used office area; enable smart thermostat control.
3. Commission and benchmark performance over a full winter, then plan whole-building conversion.

2) Grid-Scale Batteries and Virtual Power Plants: Flexibility as an Asset

What they are and why they matter

Grid-scale batteries absorb excess solar and wind and discharge when demand spikes, providing sub-hourly, hourly, and daily balancing. Virtual power plants (VPPs) aggregate distributed energy resources—rooftop PV, behind-the-meter batteries, EVs, smart thermostats—so they can respond to grid signals as a coordinated fleet. Together, they enable a high-renewables grid, reduce dependence on peaker plants, and open new revenue streams for asset owners.

Core benefits

• Reliability and resilience: Frequency regulation, voltage support, and fast ramping stabilize the grid.
• Cost savings: Demand-charge reduction and peak shaving at facilities; revenue from market participation.
• Scalability: From a single commercial battery to thousands of homes enrolled in a VPP.
• Technology runway: Established lithium-ion today, with sodium-ion and flow batteries expanding options.

Requirements, prerequisites, and low-cost alternatives

You’ll need:

• A battery energy storage system (BESS) sized to your facility or project, with inverter, fire-suppression, and controls.
• Interconnection approvals and a market pathway (utility program, aggregator, or ISO market).
• For VPP participation: smart devices (thermostats, EV chargers, batteries) and an aggregator platform.
• For enterprises: an energy management system (EMS) or BMS integration and clear operational constraints.

Budget-friendlier starting points:

• Behind-the-meter battery sized for demand-charge management at a single site.
• Enroll existing thermostats/EV chargers into a utility demand response or VPP program.
• Start with software: Use a forecasting tool to shift flexible loads to off-peak periods, then layer in hardware.

Step-by-step implementation (beginner-friendly)

1. Site screening and business case. Analyze tariffs, demand charges, and load profiles; model savings and revenue under realistic dispatch.
2. Technology selection. Choose chemistry (Li-ion today; evaluate sodium-ion/flow for long duration) and enclosure (indoor/outdoor).
3. Permitting and interconnection. Engage early with the AHJ and utility on fire codes, setbacks, and testing.
4. Procurement and EPC. Source Tier-1 BESS with proven cycle life and warranty; select an experienced EPC.
5. Controls and aggregation. Integrate with a VPP or DR platform; define dispatch rules that respect operational limits.
6. Commissioning and testing. Verify round-trip efficiency, safety systems, and communications; run test events.
7. Operations. Maintain state-of-charge windows, track degradation, update firmware, and participate in market events.

Beginner modifications and progressions

• Single-site → multi-site: Replicate a successful 1–2 MWh project across your portfolio with standardized designs.
• Add EV fleets: Enroll depot charging in VPPs; apply managed charging to reduce coincident peaks.
• Longer duration: Pilot four-to-eight-hour systems for solar shifting; monitor evolving incentives for longer-duration storage.

Recommended frequency, duration, and metrics

• Dispatch cadence: Battery cycles commonly occur daily for peak shaving or frequency regulation events.
• KPIs: Round-trip efficiency, equivalent full cycles, availability, MWh shifted, demand-charge savings, market revenues, avoided outage minutes.
• Targets: Achieve >90% availability and dispatch on a minimum of 10–15 meaningful events per month in active programs.

Safety, caveats, and common mistakes

• Thermal runaway risk: Follow enclosure, spacing, and fire-code requirements; ensure detection and suppression are commissioned.
• Interconnection delays: Start early, provide complete studies, and build schedule contingency.
• Cybersecurity: Segment networks, patch promptly, and audit vendor access.
• Degradation planning: Respect warranty SOC and temperature windows to preserve capacity.

Mini-plan (example)

1. Install a 1 MWh BESS at your highest-cost facility for demand-charge reduction.
2. Enroll existing smart thermostats across offices in a VPP program.
3. After six months, add the second and third sites and begin EV charger participation.

3) Green Hydrogen: Decarbonizing the Hard-to-Abate

What it is and why it matters

Green hydrogen is produced by splitting water in an electrolyzer powered by low-carbon electricity. It is a clean molecule for heavy industry and long-range transport—especially where direct electrification is impractical. Use cases include direct-reduced iron for steel, ammonia production, refueling for fuel-cell vehicles in heavy duty fleets, and as a feedstock or reducing agent.

Core benefits

• Fuels high-temperature heat and chemical processes without onsite CO₂ emissions.
• Energy storage at scale: Converts electricity into a storable fuel for days to seasons.
• Industrial substitution: Replaces grey hydrogen in refineries and ammonia plants; pathway to low-carbon steel and shipping fuels.

Requirements, prerequisites, and low-cost alternatives

You’ll need:

• Reliable access to low-carbon electricity (on-site renewables or PPA) and a site with water supply and permitting capacity.
• Electrolyzer system (PEM or alkaline today; solid-oxide emerging); compression and storage.
• Safety systems for ventilation, leak detection, and hazardous area classification.
• Offtake alignment (internal use or contracted offtaker) and logistics (pipelines, tube trailers, or onsite use).

Lower-barrier starting points:

• Pilot blends into existing hydrogen users (e.g., partial replacement at an existing H₂ consumer).
• Depot-scale refueling for fuel-cell forklifts or heavy vehicles.
• Third-party offtake: Contract to supply a nearby facility rather than building the end-use yourself.

Step-by-step implementation (beginner-friendly)

1. Feasibility and siting. Evaluate electricity cost and carbon intensity, water availability, and grid interconnection; select electrolyzer type.
2. Scale and offtake. Right-size initial capacity (e.g., 1–5 MW) to a guaranteed offtake; sign term sheets early to de-risk finance.
3. Permitting and safety. Submit hazard analyses, define hazardous zones, plan ventilation, and train staff.
4. Procurement and EPC. Source electrolyzer skids, compression, storage, and balance-of-plant; align delivery schedules with grid upgrades.
5. Integration and commissioning. Sync electrolyzer ramping with renewable output; test purity and drying; certify metering.
6. Operations. Optimize duty cycle for electricity price and carbon intensity; maintain stacks per OEM guidance.

Beginner modifications and progressions

• Start with green-hydrogen credits: Procure certificates while scoping onsite production.
• Scale modularly: Increase stacks as offtake and renewable supply grow.
• Sector coupling: Use waste oxygen where beneficial; integrate with heat pumps for low-grade heat reuse.

Recommended frequency, duration, and metrics

• Production cadence: Continuous or price-responsive operation depending on electricity costs.
• KPIs: Levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH), kWh per kg H₂, electrolyzer utilization, purity, and curtailment captured.
• Targets: Drive specific energy consumption toward best-in-class values for your electrolyzer type; keep capacity factor high with smart scheduling.

Safety, caveats, and common mistakes

• Hydrogen leaks and embrittlement: Select compatible materials; test for leaks; use appropriate sensors; design for ventilation.
• Under-sizing storage: Avoid frequent venting and forced curtailment by right-sizing storage and compression.
• Electricity source quality: Producing with high-carbon electricity undermines environmental goals; verify carbon intensity.

Mini-plan (example)

1. Contract a 3-year PPA for low-carbon electricity.
2. Install a 2 MW PEM electrolyzer with on-skid compression to supply an onsite ammonia or refinery process.
3. Expand to 5–10 MW after validating duty cycle and offtake.

4) Low-Carbon Cement and Concrete: Cutting Embodied Carbon at the Spec

What it is and why it matters

Cement—specifically the production of clinker—releases significant CO₂ during limestone calcination and from fuel use. Concrete is the world’s most used human-made material, so even incremental emissions cuts have outsized impact. Immediate pathways include supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) like fly ash, slag, and calcined clay, limestone cement, alternative binders, and carbon capture at cement plants.

Core benefits

• Fast, scalable reductions in embodied carbon for new construction.
• Performance-based mixes can maintain strength and durability while lowering emissions.
• Compatibility with current supply chains using established standards and testing methods.
• Future-proofing: Early adoption eases compliance with emerging procurement and disclosure rules.

Requirements, prerequisites, and low-cost alternatives

You’ll need:

• Access to SCMs (fly ash, slag, calcined clay) or limestone-blended cements.
• Spec writers and structural engineers comfortable with performance-based specifications.
• Mix trials and test cylinders; EPDs (Environmental Product Declarations) from suppliers.
• For deeper cuts: partnerships for alternative binders or carbon-cured concrete, and quality-control protocols.

Budget-friendlier starting points:

• Replace a portion of cement with locally available SCMs in non-critical elements.
• Specify limestone-blended cement as a default for flatwork and foundations.
• Run a pilot mix for slabs or walls where schedules allow extended curing times.

Step-by-step implementation (beginner-friendly)

1. Baseline and set targets. Calculate current kg CO₂e per m³ from existing mix EPDs; set reduction targets per element (e.g., 20–40%).
2. Source materials. Engage ready-mix suppliers early; secure consistent SCM supply; ask for mix designs and trial data.
3. Performance specs. Shift from prescriptive (cement content) to performance-based specifications (strength, durability, permeability).
4. Mock-ups and testing. Pour trial sections; validate set time, finishing, early strength, and 28-day/56-day results.
5. Quality control. Monitor temperature and curing; adjust admixtures for workability with reduced clinker content.
6. Documentation. Collect EPDs and testing logs; track embodied carbon against targets throughout the project.

Beginner modifications and progressions

• Early wins: Use limestone cement across all non-prestressed, non-mass pours.
• Scale up: Move to calcined clay blends (e.g., LC3) where available.
• Next frontier: Evaluate alternative binders or plant-level carbon capture for high-volume projects.

Recommended frequency, duration, and metrics

• On every project: Apply low-carbon mixes by default; reassess per element.
• KPIs: kg CO₂e/m³, compressive strength at 7/28/56 days, water demand, finishability, cost per m³.
• Targets: 20–40% reductions from baseline are common with SCMs and limestone blends, depending on availability and performance needs.

Safety, caveats, and common mistakes

• Durability risks from poor QC: Don’t chase carbon cuts without validating sulfate resistance, chloride permeability, and freeze-thaw performance.
• Supply variability: Qualify multiple SCM sources; maintain admixture inventories to manage workability.
• Schedule impacts: Some low-carbon mixes gain strength more slowly; adjust formwork and post-tensioning schedules accordingly.

Mini-plan (example)

1. Update your master spec to performance-based language and require EPDs.
2. Pilot a 30% SCM mix on slabs-on-grade; monitor strength and finishability.
3. Expand to vertical elements and structural members as test data confirms performance.

5) Circular Electronics and Batteries: Designing for Repair, Reuse, and Recovery

What it is and why it matters

Circular electronics extend product lifetimes, enable repair, and maximize material recovery at end-of-life. A key enabler is user-replaceable portable batteries and clear requirements for removability, which reduce device retirements due to battery degradation and support a robust repair ecosystem. Beyond design, circularity depends on take-back programs, certified recycling, and data practices that respect user privacy while enabling second life.

Core benefits

• Longer lifetimes reduce manufacturing emissions and e-waste.
• Lower TCO for organizations that maintain fleets of devices.
• Better material recovery and recycled content for supply-chain resilience.
• Compliance readiness for emerging product rules and labeling.

Requirements, prerequisites, and low-cost alternatives

You’ll need:

• Product designs that allow battery removal with commonly available tools, without damage to the product or battery.
• Repair documentation and parts availability; labeling or digital product passports to guide safe handling.
• Partnerships for take-back, certified recycling, and data wiping.
• For buyers: procurement language that prioritizes repairability, spare-part access, and recycled content.

Budget-friendlier starting points:

• Standardize on devices with replaceable batteries for new purchases.
• Publish repair guides and make spares available to internal teams or service partners.
• Start a take-back pilot with a reputable recycler; track recovery rates and material yields.

Step-by-step implementation (beginner-friendly)

1. Design audit or vendor selection. Ensure batteries are readily removable and replaceable; confirm that removal uses ordinary tools and that spares are available.
2. Documentation and training. Provide step-by-step repair and safety guides; train technicians and establish ESD-safe work areas.
3. Reverse logistics. Set up collection bins, RMA workflows, and certified recycling/repair partners; integrate data-wipe procedures.
4. Labeling and digital records. Attach QR codes or maintain digital passports with battery specs, safety info, and disassembly steps.
5. Reporting. Track repair rates, time-to-repair, recovery rates, and recycled content in new purchases.

Beginner modifications and progressions

• Quick wins: Start with high-turnover devices (phones, scanners, tablets) where batteries degrade fastest.
• Scale up: Add modular components (screens, ports, keyboards) and enforce repairability in supplier contracts.
• Evolve: Implement material passports and recycled-content targets; expand to pack-level reuse in light mobility or tools.

Recommended frequency, duration, and metrics

• Cadence: Quarterly audits of repair and recovery metrics.
• KPIs: Average device lifetime, repair rate, spare-part lead time, recovery rate by mass, recycled content %, warranty returns.
• Targets: Extend device life by at least one refresh cycle; achieve >85% recovery by mass for eligible devices in mature programs.

Safety, caveats, and common mistakes

• Battery handling: Use non-conductive tools; prevent punctures; isolate damaged cells and follow shipping rules.
• Warranty pitfalls: Align internal repairs with vendor policies; document procedures to maintain coverage.
• Data security: Enforce certified data erasure before resale or recycling.

Mini-plan (example)

1. Add repairability and user-replaceable battery requirements to your next hardware RFP.
2. Launch a pilot with 200 devices; track time-to-repair and recovery rate.
3. Publish a repair playbook and expand to the full fleet in the next procurement cycle.

Quick-Start Checklist

• Pick one innovation to pilot in the next 30 days.
• Establish a baseline (energy, emissions, costs, or embodied carbon).
• Draft a one-page plan with scope, budget, roles, safety, and KPIs.
• Line up the right vendor or integrator with proven deployments.
• Set decision gates (go/no-go criteria and expansion triggers).
• Schedule commissioning and a 90-day performance review.

Troubleshooting & Common Pitfalls

“Our heat pump runs constantly and bills went up.”
Check load calculations and setpoints. Verify refrigerant charge, duct leakage, and backup heat lockout. Normalize for weather (HDD) before concluding it’s underperforming.

“The battery didn’t discharge during the peak.”
Review dispatch rules, state-of-charge limits, and communication with the aggregator. Confirm the utility’s event window and ensure the EMS time is synchronized.

“Electrolyzer utilization is low.”
Align operation with electricity price and availability. Add storage, revise offtake scheduling, and consider a PPA with better profile or co-located renewables.

“Low-carbon concrete set too slowly.”
Adjust admixture package and curing plan. Shift critical pours to mixes with proven early-strength profiles or plan for longer cure times.

“Our repair program stalled.”
Start with high-value device families and make parts procurement automatic. Track repair SLAs and publish monthly leaderboards to build momentum.

How to Measure Progress (and Prove It Works)

Operational energy (heat pumps)

• Metric: kWh/HDD and Seasonal COP.
• Method: Install sub-metering; compare adjusted energy use against baseline bills.

Flexibility and savings (batteries/VPPs)

• Metric: Demand-charge reduction ($/kW), MWh shifted, market revenue.
• Method: Pull utility interval data; attribute peaks avoided during dispatch events.

Molecular substitution (hydrogen)

• Metric: kg H₂ produced, kWh/kg, emissions per kg vs. baseline.
• Method: Meter production and electricity; track electrolyzer duty cycle.

Embodied carbon (cement/concrete)

• Metric: kg CO₂e/m³, project-level embodied carbon.
• Method: Collect EPDs, run life-cycle inventory, and compare to baseline mixes.

Circularity (electronics)

• Metric: Device lifetime, repair rate, recovery rate by mass, recycled content %.
• Method: Maintain a repair and recovery database; audit quarterly.

A Simple 4-Week Starter Plan

Week 1 — Select and Scope

• Choose one innovation and one site or product line.
• Gather baseline data and define KPIs.
• Shortlist vendors; request references and a sample SOW.

Week 2 — Design and Procure

• Finalize technical specs (load calcs, mix designs, electrolyzer skid, or device design rules).
• Confirm safety requirements and training needs.
• Issue a purchase order or pilot agreement.

Week 3 — Install and Commission

• Complete installation or design audit.
• Commission controls, alarms, and telemetry.
• Train staff; publish a one-page operating procedure.

Week 4 — Operate and Validate

• Run for a week under real conditions.
• Capture KPIs and user feedback.
• Decide on scale-up, iterate specs, or pause with lessons learned.

FAQs

1) Which innovation should I start with if my budget is limited?
Begin where the math is simplest and the risk is lowest: a heat pump water heater, a small behind-the-meter battery for demand charges, or a repairability requirement in your next device RFP. Each can be piloted with modest capex and clear payback.

2) How do heat pumps perform in cold climates?
Cold-climate models with appropriate sizing, defrost strategies, and good envelope work perform reliably well below freezing. Proper commissioning and lockout settings are more important than climate alone.

3) Are grid batteries only for large utilities?
No. Commercial facilities use smaller systems to cut demand charges and provide backup. Households can join utility programs or VPPs through aggregators—often with incentives.

4) Isn’t green hydrogen inefficient compared with direct electrification?
Where you can electrify directly, you typically should. Hydrogen shines in sectors that need high-temperature heat, long-duration storage, or specific chemical properties. Treat it as a targeted tool, not a universal fuel.

5) Will low-carbon concrete compromise strength or durability?
When designed and tested properly, performance-based mixes meet or exceed required strength and durability. The key is rigorous QC, appropriate SCM selection, and adequate curing.

6) What about the supply of SCMs as coal plants retire?
Regional supplies of fly ash and slag can be tight; alternatives like calcined clay and limestone cements are expanding. Work with suppliers early and qualify multiple sources.

7) What’s the simplest way to implement circular electronics in a company?
Add repairability and user-replaceable battery requirements to procurement, stock spares, publish repair SOPs, and partner with a certified recycler for take-back.

8) How soon will removable batteries be standard in new devices?
Regulatory timelines in major markets are driving a shift toward user-replaceable portable batteries later this decade. Designing for removability now future-proofs your product line.

9) Are sodium-ion batteries ready for prime time?
They’re advancing quickly, with manufacturers announcing plans for commercialization and early deployments in specific segments. For now, lithium-ion remains dominant for most projects, but sodium-ion is promising for stationary storage and entry-level mobility.

10) How do I avoid “pilot purgatory”?
Define success metrics before you start, set a decision date, and pre-plan the first scale-up step. Tie pilots to a budget line and a responsible owner.

11) What’s the main safety risk with batteries?
Thermal runaway. Mitigate with compliant enclosures, fire-suppression, spacing, monitoring, and trained operators. Follow the local code and manufacturer specs strictly.

12) How do I communicate progress to leadership?
Report three numbers: emissions avoided, dollars saved or earned, and reliability impacts (e.g., peak load reduced, outage minutes avoided). Pair them with one short case example.

Conclusion

The future is not waiting for perfect technology. It’s being built by organizations that pick the best-fit innovations—heat pumps, batteries and VPPs, green hydrogen, low-carbon concrete, and circular electronics—and implement them with rigor. Start small, measure honestly, and scale what works. The compounding effect of these five moves is how systems change happens.

CTA: Start your first pilot this month—pick one of the five innovations above and schedule a kickoff meeting today.

References

• Heat Pumps – Energy System overview, International Energy Agency, updated 2023. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/buildings/heat-pumps
• How a heat pump works – The Future of Heat Pumps, International Energy Agency, 2022. https://www.iea.org/reports/the-future-of-heat-pumps/how-a-heat-pump-works
• Grid-scale storage – Energy storage overview, International Energy Agency, updated 2023. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/electricity/grid-scale-storage
• U.S. battery capacity increased 66% in 2024, U.S. Energy Information Administration (Today in Energy), March 12, 2025.
• Solar and battery storage to make up 81% of new U.S. generating capacity additions in 2024, U.S. Energy Information Administration (Today in Energy), February 15, 2024. https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php
• Hydrogen – Low-emission fuels overview, International Energy Agency, updated 2024. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/hydrogen
• Electrolysers – Technology overview, International Energy Agency, updated 2024. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/low-emission-fuels/electrolysers
• VPP Participation Models: What is the Objective?, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2024. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/89273.pdf
• Virtual Power Plants and Energy Justice, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 2023. https://docs.nrel.gov/docs/fy24osti/86607.pdf
• Trends in electric vehicle batteries – Global EV Outlook 2024, International Energy Agency, 2024. https://www.iea.org/reports/global-ev-outlook-2024/trends-in-electric-vehicle-batteries
• Cement – Industry overview and tracking, International Energy Agency, updated 2024. https://www.iea.org/energy-system/industry/cement
• Advancements in low-carbon concrete as a construction material for sustainable development: A review, ScienceDirect (Case Studies in Construction Materials), 2023. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2666165923001667